Acute respiratory infections in children
Mar 05, 2013
Dear parents,
Due to the increased number of patients with respiratory issues, as well as the relevance of the topic of acute respiratory infections in children, we would like to provide you with some key information. We will make sure to address any additional questions you may have in a timely manner.
Acute respiratory infections in children
Acute respiratory infections (ARI), or respiratory tract infections, are the most common illnesses in humans, especially during the season from September to April, and in preschool-aged children. Studies suggest that children in this age group experience an average of 4-6 episodes of ARI each year, with about half of these episodes accompanied by a fever and a general worsening of their condition. One in every twenty children with respiratory infection symptoms requires hospitalization.
The development of these infections is influenced by both the child's immune factors and environmental factors. It is estimated that around 90% of respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, while the remaining 10% are caused by bacteria, most commonly group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, which affects children older than 2 years.
Virus transmission
Respiratory viruses are transmitted through the air, via sneezing and coughing from an infected person, or by direct contact with infectious material on the skin. Illnesses depend on the child’s immune system as well as the epidemiological situation at home or in group settings. Factors like smoking in the household can significantly increase the frequency of respiratory infections, especially in children under the age of 5. Air pollution and staying in poorly ventilated rooms with large numbers of people can also worsen the situation.
The most important factors related to a child's health include:
- Age: Younger children tend to get sick more often and have more severe symptoms.
- Gender: Boys are slightly more prone to infections than girls.
- Nutrition: Overweight children are more likely to experience respiratory infections.
- Atopy: Children with a tendency to develop allergies are more frequently ill.
- Congenital disorders: Children with congenital heart defects are more prone to infections.
- Breastfeeding: Breastfed children are three times less likely to become ill.
What is a cold?
While there is no precise definition for a cold, the symptoms are well-known. A cold typically starts with a stuffy nose, sneezing, and a sore throat, and in more severe cases, it may lead to fever and general discomfort. Common causes include influenza viruses and other respiratory viruses that cause flu-like symptoms. It generally lasts for a few days, but some symptoms, like coughing, can persist for up to two weeks. If the symptoms improve quickly and the child is otherwise in good general condition, treatment is usually not necessary beyond symptomatic care.
When should you see a doctor?
If the fever lasts for more than 7 days or if there are changes in the child’s general condition (loss of appetite, drowsiness, lethargy, or vomiting), you should definitely consult a doctor. Respiratory infections in children often lead to complications, such as spreading to the sinuses or middle ear. In rarer but more serious cases, pneumonia can occur. In these situations, a bacterial superinfection may develop, requiring antibiotic treatment and a mandatory medical evaluation.